Mansa Abubakari Keita II, The Mariner Nautical Navigator of Mali

Mansa Abubakari Keita II

Adapted From “They Came Before Columbus” Chapter 3, The Mariner Prince of Mali, page 39-50, by Ivan Van Sertima

You may have heard of the likes of Christopher Columbus, Marco Polo, Ferdinand Magellan, Hernan Cortes, Amerigo Vespucci, and Francisco Pizarro.  But the story of an African explorer, navigator, and voyager to the Americas before all those aforementioned, must be told and remembered always.  This is the story of Mansa Abubakari Keita II. 

Abubakari Keita II, was the 9th Mansa, a Mande word meaning “emperor” or “king of kings”, of the Mali Empire.  Abubakari Keita II was the grandson of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Mali Empire. As a boy growing up in the royal court of the Keita Dynasty of the Mali Empire, Abubakari Keita II and his younger half-brother Kankan Musa, were privileged to receive the finest education.  Coming up, they heard stories about lands across the Atlantic Ocean.  While Abubakari Keita II would often dream of Traveling West to sail off into the massive ocean, his brother Kankan Musa dreamed of Traveling East to make pilgrimage to Mecca. 

While studying at Sankory University, Abubakari Keita II encountered maps from Muslim geographers, Moorish navigators, and scholars from Timbuktu, who had concluded that the Atlantic Ocean waters which washed the western end of Mali, were not the end of the world.  Diplomats from Morocco, North Africa, and scholars from the University of Timbuktu, promoted new ideas about a spherical shaped globe and worlds beyond the sea.  While at Sankory University, Abubakari Keita II studied Ocean currents, navigational charts, and learned how to navigate using the stars.  Abubakari Keita II heard amazing tales of people from Western Sudan who ventured across the Atlantic ocean some 2000 years earlier. 

In the year 1310 AD, in the city of Niani, on the left bank of the Sankarini river, Abubakari Keita II ascended to the throne, and was inaugurated as the ninth Mansa of the Mali Empire.  Dressed wearing a golden skullcap and full royal regalia of a velvety red tunic and heavily crinkled silk, and sitting atop a pempi, a three-tiered pavilion pyramid, under the shade of the royal umbrella, surmounted by its golden bird, there was a roll of drums, and trumpets, and bugles sounded to announce his inauguration.  The time had come, Abubakari Keita II now had the resources at his disposal to realize his trans-oceanic ambition.

Since ascending the throne of Mali, Abubakari Keita II had but one ambition, to use all his power and wealth to realize the dream that had been growing in him since childhood.  The Mali kingdom had been extended down along the Gambia River to the sea.  Abubakari had heard many tales of that sea which was known as the world’s end.  Abubakari desired to do something different with his regency, something new, something for which there was no precedent.  Something too that would keep his spirit quick and young with a lifelong excitement.  Abubakari was bored by petty wars; he was master of the largest empire in the world – larger, than the Arabs, larger than the Holy Roman Empire, as large as all the civilized states of Europe.  Abubakari was bored by the thought of pilgrimage to Mecca; he was bored by pious duties and by pious men who repeated themselves endlessly.  Abubakari surrounded hisself with people of like mind, Scientists, Astronomers, Navigators, and Scholars of Timbuktu, who entertained theories of a sphere-shaped world and dreamed of lands beyond the waters, as men in the 21st century now dream of life on worlds beyond the stars. 
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Abubakari would spare no expense to build a fleet.  Abubakari sent the announcement to Let it be known throughout Mali and beyond:
“To all those who fished and sailed in lakes and rivers and off the sea's great coasts, to all those who know about boats and water currents and wind currents and direction-finding by the map of the stars.  To all those who know about Marine Engineering and Nautical Sciences. Let the Somono people come forward, to whom Sundiata had given ‘the monopoly of the water’.  Let the Bozo people come forward, who are known as great boatmen of the Niger river.  Call unto the boatmen of the Gambia and Senegal rivers.  Call unto the people of Lake Chad, where it was said that men still built boats on the principles of the ancient Egyptians.  Let it be known that they were all needed at the royal court of the Mali Empire”. 

Great debate arose as to what kind of ships should be built.  Some of Abubakari’s advisers said the ships should most certainly carry a sail.  Other advisers said that the ships should not depend on a sail, saying that they could be stalled for days on the sea if there was no wind.  Some advised that the ships should be like the ships the Bantu and Arabs of East Africa were using on the Indian Ocean, which could change from sail to oar, and from oar to sail, so that it would have the double advantage of wind power and muscle power.   Some advisers said it was pointless to call on the experience of the river people because the ocean to the west was no river, and it did not behave like an inland lake or stream.  Some advisers said that something truly massive would have to be built in order to meet the monstrous moods of the ocean, and river craft would simply be dashed to pieces.  Other advisers said big ships sank more easily on stormy water than small ones, because they set up too much resistance to the wind and waves.

Abubakari listened to all the hypothesis, theories, and opinions, but took no chances, he decided that there would be no single design, no one kind of boat.  Abubakari gave his blessings to all designs that seemed practical, he was not going to gamble on one man's theory and ignore the rest.  Abubakari saw the configuration of his fleet like the political configuration of Mali, he stood at the helm as the central and unifying authority of the most diverse crew of elements on the Sudanic deck of the world.  His fleet would be a mirror of his ship of state.

The great boat building operation began along the Senegambia seacoast of Mali.  Troops were withdrawn from wars and from other minor campaigns, to focus their energies on the ambitious shipbuilding campaign.  Blacksmiths, carpenters, boat captains, magicians, diviners, scholars from Timbuktu, gold merchants, potters, porters, weavers, and jewelers, were all assembled to contribute to the shipbuilding effort. Caravan guides, who used the compass and navigational instruments to plot their paths across “the sandy sea” of the Sahara, were called upon to serve as navigators across the ocean waters of the Atlantic.  While the building of the boats progressed, a number of megalith structures were erected, stone observatories, such as ancient seafaring nations used for astronomical calculations, the ruins of which survive today as indications of the science of that time and the activities of that place. 

Abubakari specified that each boat built for the ocean voyage should be accompanied by a supply boat, which stored gold and other items for trade, along with enough food to last its company for at least two years.  Two hundred master boats and two hundred supply boats were built.  As the task neared completion, Abubakari encamped on the seacoast to watch the final stages of the operation, It was the scene an Egyptian pharaoh must have witnessed during the erection of a pyramid,  Abubakari felt pride at the thought that he was the only king in the world at that time who was wealthy enough and at peace enough, to divert such a vast labor force from military and agrarian duties to a scientific exploration. 

The fleet of 200 ships departed in the year 1310 AD.  When the ships departed, their absence was long, and Abubakari could not find peace, he was obsessed to learn of the outcome of the expedition that he had hurled across the spaces of the ocean, he could think of nothing else.  Early one morning the following year, a captain of one of the ships had returned, and was waiting outside the gates of the palace to talk to Mansa Abubakari II.  The captain of the boat said that they sailed for a long while, until they came to what seemed to be a strong current flowing in the open ocean.  The other ships sailed on, but as they came to that strong current they were swiftly pulled out over the horizon of the ocean until they disappeared.  The captain said that he did not know what became of the ships because the waters were strong and swift and he was afraid and turned back and did not enter the current.

This news made Abubakari more fixed in his obsession; some said he even bordered on madness.  Abubakari went with his royal court to the plain at the western edge of Mali where the first fleet had been built and had disembarked.  Like the pyramid builders of dynastic Egypt, Abubakari began to recognize his whole empire around a single massive project.  He assembled a vast army of craftsmen, and scaled up the ship building operation, this time to send a massive armada of 2000 ships to explore across the ocean.  Paired men and women were being chosen for the new expedition, and fears were expressed by Abubakari’s subjects that in his madness he would sacrifice hundreds of people to the voyage across the ocean. 

But, Abubakari was unwavering, he never looked back.  Abubakari stayed amongst the ship builders and never returned to the royal court at Niani.  This time, Abubakari wanted to lead the expedition hisself; he had a special boat built, with a throne on the stern deck, shaded by the bird-emblazoned parasol, and he would commandeer the fleet by means of the talking drum.  In the year 1311 AD, Mansa Abubakari Keita II abdicated the throne, and conferred the power of the regency to his brother Kankan Mansa Musa, on the understanding that he was to assume the throne if, after a reasonable lapse of time, Abubakari did not return.  Mansa Musa told Mansa Abubakari Keita II that if he did succeed to the throne, he would choose his way to make his mark upon the world: to lead a massive train of caravans traveling East across the desert on a pilgrimage to Mecca. 

Then one day, in the year 1311 AD, dressed in a flowing white robe and a jeweled turban, Abubakari Keita II took leave of Mali.  He gave up the throne in the name of science and discovery, and set out with his fleet to travel west across the Atlantic Ocean, never to return to Mali.  In the year 1312 AD, Abubakari’s fleet of ships landed and settled on the coast of present day Brazil in a place known as Recife.  The other name they gave this site is Purnanbuco, which comes from Boure Bambouk, the Mande name for the rich gold fields that accounted for much of the wealth of the Mali Empire.  Other cities in South America near the area they settled which they gave Mande names were Mandinga Port, Mandinga Bay and Sierre de Mali.  This was a West African colony in the Americas established by the 2200 ships which disembarked from the Mali Empire under the rule and helm of Mansa Abubakari Keita II. 

The European explorer, Christopher Columbus, even made mention of the African presence in the Americas in his logs.  Columbus stated that the purpose of his third voyage was to test the claims of King John the second of Portugal, that "canoes had been found which set out from the coast of West Africa and sailed to the Americas".  Columbus also stated he heard claims of the native inhabitants of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, that black people had come from the southeast who were trading with spears that were made of a gold metal alloy developed in west Africa.  Columbus's son, Ferdinand, said his father told him that he had seen black people north of what is now Honduras. The scholarly art historian, Count Alexander Von Wuthenau, also discusses fourteenth century carvings and sculptures that were found in the Americas which show women and men wearing turbans, clearly African with tribal marks cut on their cheeks, indicating that the people came from Mali.

Africans arrived in the Americas long before Columbus.  Three currents can carry Africans to the Americas:  one current off the Cape Verde islands, one current off the Senegambia coast, and one current off the southern coast of Africa. Africans were the first to navigate the ocean waters, and the science of Celestial Navigation and Astronavigation is the means by which the four corners of the world were explored; Africans navigated the 7 seas, by way of the 7 heavens.

The Ptah-Horus (Pythagoras) Theorem – The African Origin of the Pythagorean Theorem

Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher who is said to have lived around 500 BC, and is credited by most western educational institutions with the development of what they call the Pythagorean Theorem, the mathematic equation which expresses the relationship between the sides of a right triangle; where the square of the hypotenuse of the triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides of the triangle.  The Pythagorean Theorem is also known as the 47^th Problem of Euclid, because Euclid, who is said to have lived several hundred years after Pythagoras, and is called the “father of Geometry” by western educational institutions, worked on solving the ratio 3:4:5 Pythagorean triple.    If the first 5 numbers 1,2,3,4,5 are squared to yield 1,4,9,16, and 25, then subtracting each square from the next yields the sequence 1,3,5,7,9…  

However, it has long been suspected that this theorem, and the proof of this theorem, existed thousands of years before Pythagoras is said to have been born. 

Evidence that the Babylonians had knowledge of Pythagorean Triples is available on the artifact known as Plimpton 322, which contains tables inscribed with Pythagorean Triples. 

In his collection of essays entitled “Moralia Volume 5”, the Greek essayist Plutarch comments on the Ancient Egyptian’s knowledge of the 3:4:5 Pythagorean triple and its relationship between the sides of a right triangle expressed in Ancient Egyptian symbolism by saying:

“The upright, therefore, may be likened to the male, the base to the female, and the hypotenuse to the child of both, and so Ausar may be regarded as the origin, Auset as the recipient, and Heru as perfected result.  3 is the first perfect odd number, 4 is a square whose side is the even number 2, but 5 is in some ways like its father and in some ways like its mother, being made up of 3 and 2...”

In the book entitled “The Pythagorean Theorem: The Story of Its Power and Beauty”, by Alfred Posamentier, he states:

 “The Pythagorean Theorem was known long before Pythagoras, but Pythagoras is attributed as the first to prove it.”

However, in the book “Stolen Legacy” by George G.M. James, it is argued that Pythagoras was shown proof of the theorem by the Ancient Egyptians.  It states:

“Pythagoras travelled to Egypt and was taught geometry by the Egyptian Priests and made to sacrifice to the Gods, before they showed him the proof of the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle. Pythagoras did not discover this proof, and it is misleading to name the theorem after him.”

The book “Stolen Legacy” also states:

“… we have the statements of Plutarch, Demetrius and Antisthenes that Pythagoras founded the Science of Mathematics among the Greeks, and that he sacrificed to the Muses, when the Egyptian Priests explained to him the properties of the right angled triangle. Pythagoras was also trained in music by the Egyptian priests.”

The proof attributed to Pythagoras is very simple, and is called a proof by rearrangement.  The two large squares shown in the figure each contain four identical triangles, and the only difference between the two large squares is that the triangles are arranged differently. Therefore, the white space within each of the two large squares must have equal area. The triangle in figure 1 can be rearranged to create figure 2, and equating the area of the white space yields the proof attributed to Pythagoras.

So, is there any evidence that a proof by rearrangement for this theorem is available in Ancient Egypt?  Well, since we are talking about triangles, let us look to the pyramids of Giza, the three giant triangular structures built by the Ancient Africans in Egypt 2000 years before Pythagoras was said to have been born.  From above, if we rearrange the pyramids of Giza, we see evidence of the proof of the theorem.   

 

The base of Menkaure’s Pyramid is 51.7 cubits, the base of Khafre’s pyramid is 107.6 cubits, and the base of Khufu’s pyramids is 115.2 cubits.  Plugging into the equation, we see that the mathematical result (119.4) is a statistically significant reasonable approximation, a difference of 4.2 cubits, less than 4% error (3.5%).  Considering that the outer casing of the Giza pyramids have been removed, and the wear and tear on the pyramids over the thousands of years, this may account for the discrepancy.  

 

Given this evidence, it does not seem right to use the term “Pythagorean Theorem” for a concept which existed thousands of years before Pythagoras.  In the book Stolen Legacy, Dr. George G.M. James suggests that “The name of Pythagoras… should be deleted from our mathematical textbooks: in Geometry, where the theorem of the square on the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is called the Pythagorean theorem, because this is not true.” 

So what term can we use to replace the term “Pythagorean Theorem”?  We can see the civil engineers and architects of the Giza complex built the proof of the theorem into the design of the Pyramid complex at Giza.  So the term we use as a replacement for the term “Pythagorean Theorem” should pay homage to the African Pyramid builders, architects, and engineers.  Dr. Kaba Kamene (Dr. Booker T. Coleman) suggests that the name “Pythagoras” comes from a Greek amalgamation of the names of African Egyptian deities Ptah and Horus (Heru).  Interestingly enough, the deities Ptah and Horus were patron deities of the Ancient African Pyramid builders, architects, and engineers.  Ptah was a patron deity of builders and craftsmen, and Horus as Heru-Behutet was a patron deity of blacksmiths and workers in metal, The Great Chiefs of the Hammer.

Additionally, Ptah and Ausar were combined in Egyptian Mythology, and both Ptah as Ausar, and Horus are present as the upright and hypotenuse of the 3-4-5 right triangle ratio represented by Ausar, Aset, and Heru respectively. 

Considering the aforementioned phonetic and symbolic relationships of Ptah and Horus to “Pythagoras”, then the proposition is put forth that the Pythagorean Theorem should henceforth and forever be known as the Ptah-Horus Theorem.

Q.E.D.

HERU-COPTERS: African Aeronautical Ascension

 "Up, up, you mighty race, you can accomplish what you will"

"HERU-COPTERS: African Aeronautical Ascension" presents a comparative analysis between concepts, customs, cosmologies, and practices found in African cultures to topics related to Aviation, Aeronautics, Aerodynamics, Aircraft, Avionics, and Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering.

Top 10 Gods Worshiped by Scientists

Top 10 Gods and Characters from Mythology Worshiped by Scientists and Scholars

West African Inventor Makes a $100 3D Printer From E-Waste

Source: http://inhabitat.com/west-african-inventor-makes-a-100-3d-printer-from-e-waste/

Kodjo Afate Gnikou, a resourceful inventor from Togo in West Africa, has made a $100 3D printer which he constructed from parts he scrounged from broken scanners, computers, printers and other e-waste. The fully functional DIY printer cost a fraction of those currently on the market, and saves environmentally damaging waste from reaching landfill sites.

Discarded electronic equipment is one of the world’s fastest-growing sources of waste, as consumers frequently replace “old” models that become more obsolete each year. However instead of letting e-waste sit them on the scrap pile or head to the landfill, Kodjo Afate Gnikou decided to utilize spare parts in order to create a cheap, DIY 3D printer.

Gnikou is part of WoeLab, a hackerspace in the city of Lomé, and has big plans for his recycling project. According to his crowd funding page, he is working with FacLab-France in the WAFATE to Mars project, which aims to make machines from recycled e-waste to prepare for missions on Mars. Systems like the 3D printer could become a crucial part of missions on the Red Planet should they ever go ahead.

Gnikou’s 3D printer was mostly made from materials he obtained from a junk yard in Lomé, though he did have to buy a few parts. The entire system cost about $100 which is a bargain consideringcurrent models on the market can cost thousands of dollars.

According to his fundraising page, Gnikou aims that with his project, he will “put technology into needy hands and give Africa the opportunity to not only be a spectator but to play the first role in a more virtuous industrial revolution.”

To support Gnikou’s project, click here.

A Guinean solves a 270 years old Mathematics Problem

Ibrahima Sambégou Diallo may have become the first African mathematician of the contemporary era to have elaborated a theorem.  This Guinean journalist who recently reconverted himself into mathematics has found the solution to the Goldbach’s conjecture, which is one of the oldest best unsolved mathematics problems of all times.  The Goldbach’s conjecture was elaborated 270 years ago by Christian Goldbach, tutor of the tsar Peter II, and employee in the Russian Foreign affairs’s ministry.  In 1742, Goldbach sent a letter to Euler, stating the Goldbach’s conjecture: “Every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes.” For instance, 6 = 3 + 3; 8 = 3 + 5; 10 = 3 + 7 = 5 + 5; 30 = 11 + 19 = 13 + 17; 100 = 17 + 83 … This mathematical problem was so hard to solve that it took 270 years, and hundreds of mathematicians around the globe working on it.

It took Ibrahima 14 years of hard work to finally come up with the answer; this projects him in the court of the great mathematicians of this world.  He had been in contest with some well-known and well-supported American researchers.  Ibrahima Sambégou Diallo has been knocking at all doors to validate his work.  Finding no support in his own country, Guinea, Ibrahima has decided to go to Dakar, Senegal to validate his results at the mathematics institute there. He hopes to find support so as to become the first contemporary African to have elaborated a theorem. 
Source: http://diasporas-noires.com/un-guineen-solutionne-un-probleme-de-maths-vieux-de-270-ans

Electromagnetic Ankh with Students at the Nsoromma School

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-8IOCyZjIE

The Electromagnetic Ankh experiment from the book "P.T.A.H. Technology" by African Creation Energy was part of a Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Math (S.T.E.A.M.) Camp for Middle School Students at The Nsoromma School on Nov. 16, 2013.  http://www.nsoromma.org

THE MASTER KEY to African Engineering

Whosoever Holds This Symbol, If They Be Worthy, Shall Possess The Power Of PTAH

Djed, Ankh, and Waas

THE MASTER KEY

to African Science, Technology, and Engineering

Question: What is the Djed Pillar?
Answer: The Djed Pillar is a symbol from Ancient African culture which represented concepts related to “stability”.

Question: What is the Ankh?
Answer:  The Ankh is a symbol from Ancient African culture which represented concepts related to “Life”.

Question: What is the Waas Scepter?
Answer:  The Waas Scepter is a symbol from Ancient African culture which represented concepts related to “Power”.

Question: Are there any Ancient primary sources which depict the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas Scepter grouped together?
Answer: Yes, the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas Scepter are routinely depicted grouped together in the Medu Neter Hieroglyphics found throughout Ancient Kemet to represent concepts related to “Stability, Life, and Power”.  The Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas scepter are also depicted grouped together in the staff held by the Ancient African Deity named Khonsu, the traveler.  And, the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas scepter are also depicted grouped together in the staff held by the Ancient African Deity of Technology, Engineering, Artisans, Craftsmen, and Blacksmiths named PTAH.

Question: Besides being held by the Ancient African deity of Technology and Engineering named PTAH, are there any other relationships between the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas Scepter to Science, Engineering, and Technology?
Answer: Yes, the book entitled “The Ankh, the African Origin of Electromagnetism” by Nur Ankh Amen points out the relationship between the concept of “life”, which is made possible by way of the flow of electricity and magnetism, in the Human body, to the potential electromagnetic characteristics of metallic Ankhs.  The book “The Ankh, the African Origin of Electromagnetism” also points out the similarity between the appearances of the Djed Pillar, to an electronic voltage source known as the pile battery.  The book “P.T.A.H. Technology: Engineering Applications of African Sciences” further expounds on the concepts presented in the book “The Ankh, the African Origin of Electromagnetism” by showing through experimentation and demonstration that an Electromagnetic Ankh can in fact be constructed utilizing the Djed Pillar, a symbol representing stability, as a pile battery, Stable DC voltage source, the Ankh as a Solenoid coil, and the Waas scepter as the core at the center of the Ankh coil.  Moreover, the book "P.T.A.H. Technology: Engineering Applications of African Sciences” shows that not only is the geometry and appearance of the Ancient African symbols of the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas Scepter consistent with what they “look like” in modern electric circuits, but also, the Ancient Meaning of these symbols, Djed representing Stability, Ankh representing Life, and Waas representing power, are consistent with what they would mean in an electric circuit: Djed Pillar Pile Battery being a source of stable DC voltage, the flow of electrical current through the loop of the Ankh creating an Electromagnet, and the association between Life being made possible by the flow of Electricity and Magnetism in the Human body, and the Waas scepter representing power which is consistent with Electric power.  Even more interesting, the book “P.T.A.H. Technology: Engineering Applications of African Sciences” shows that in an electrical circuit, the grouping of the symbols of the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas scepter representing Voltage, Current, and Power respectively, forms a mathematical equation essential and fundamental to modern circuit theory known as Ohm’s Law.  Thus, in the fields of Science, Technology, and Engineering, the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can be understood as Mathematic Objects, symbols, or variables in an equation.

Question: What is a Mathematical Object, and What is a Variable?
Answer: A mathematic object is a type of Abstraction or symbol which can represent a thing, idea, or concept.  In mathematics, a variable is a symbol designating a value that may change within the scope of a given problem or set of operations

Question: Ok, so you are suggesting that the Djed, Ankh, and Waas are a “Master Key” to African Science, Technology, and Engineering, but so far you have only discussed how the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can be understood as Mathematic variables in equations related to Electronics.  Are there any other fields of Science, Technology, or Engineering which the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can serve as symbols in Mathematic equations?
Answer: Yes.  The book “9 E.T.H.E.R. R.E. Engineering” by African Creation Energy expounds on the topics discussed in the book “P.T.A.H. Technology: Engineering Applications of African Sciences” by showing how the topics of Thermodynamics, Hydrodynamics, and Fluid Mechanics can be extended from the discussion about the movement of electrons by using African symbology.  When the  “Electromagnet” described in the book “P.T.AH. Technology” is constructed by connecting the Djed, Ankh, and Waas, it heats up as the electrons move through the solenoid coil of the Ankh.  Thus there is a direct relationship between the movement of electrons, or electricity, to the flow of heat, or Thermodynamics.  This relationship is further strengthened by the fact that the Ancient African deity of Technology and Engineering named Ptah, who is depicted holding the Djed, Ankh, and Waas symbols in his staff, is said to have been married to a goddess named Sekhmet who is related to the “power of heat” or Thermodyanmics.  Furthermore, in his article entitled “Reinterpretations of the Ankh Symbol Part 2” by Asar Imhotep, he discusses the relationship of “bio-mimicry” between the appearance and meaning of the Djed, Ankh, and Waas symbols, to the Spinal Column, Thorax Bones, and Brain stem respectively, and how this relates to the Cardiovascular processes which sustain life in the Human body.  Considering that the Cardiovascular process in the Human body is a form of Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics with the flow or movement of liquid in the form of Blood, and the flow or movement of air in the form of breath or respiration, then we can see how the symbols of the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can serve as symbols in Mathematic equations related Electricity, Thermodynamics, Hydraulics or Fluid Mechanics, and Mechanical Engineering. 

Question: The analogies and synchronicities which you have presented here are nice, but is it really necessary to make these comparisons?  Is there any added benefit or evidence to suggest that these analogies actually help students better learn and remember the scientific and engineering principles?
Answer: Yes.  Electrical, Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical interdisciplinary analogies have been developed over time. and have been routinely included as part of curriculums taught in Science and Engineering programs at Universities across the world.  The relationship between Power, Current, and Voltage known as Ohm's Law in the Electrical Discipline, to the relationship between Power, Temperature, and Heat Flow known as Fourier's Law in Thermodynamics, to the relationship between Power, Pressure, and Fluid Flow known as Poiseuille's Law in Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, to the relationship between Power, Force, and Velocity known as Dashpot in the Mechanical Discipline, regularly serve as a form of Transformative learning Pedagogy for Science and Engineering professors.  For example, the concept of electrons flowing from a battery through a wire may not be as easily understood by a student as the concept of water flowing from a pump through a pipe.  Therefore, the Hydraulic analogy to the Electrical discipline provides a Transformative learning methodology by which the concept may be better comprehended.  However, like all analogies, there are benefits and limitations.  Transformative learning is the Pedagogical modality utilized most frequently by Master Teachers.  Transformative learning is the expansion of consciousness through the transformation of basic worldview; transformative learning is facilitated through consciously directed processes such as appreciatively accessing and receiving the symbolic contents and critically analyzing underlying premises.  Therefore, based on the aforementioned premises, the symbols of the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can be utilized by Science and Engineering teachers, instructors, and professors to student of Egyptian, Kemetic, or African-centered studies, as part of a Transformative learning pedagogy, and as part of a Constructivist or “discovery” model of education by gaining new information about Electrical, Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical disciplines from existing knowledge which has been generated by learning about the Djed Pillar, the Ankh, and the Waas Scepter.

Question: Are you trying to suggest that the Ancient Egyptians actually had all this advanced scientific and engineering knowledge about Electrical, Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical mathematic equations?
Answer:  The purpose of this presentation is to neither confirm nor deny what knowledge may have been known to people who lived over 5000 years ago.  The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate how the Ancient African symbols of the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can be used as a “Master Key” to comprehending Electrical, Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical science and engineering disciplines which are practical, applicable, and relevant to survival, well-being, and nation building in your life right now.  The process of taking African cultural symbols and concepts from the past and making them relevant and practical in the here-and-now, is part of the Sankofa approach to studying history.  Sankofa is an Adinkra symbol from Ghana West Africa, which is depicted as a bird with its head turned backwards, meaning “ go back and get it”. The Sankofa symbol represents a practical approach to studying History by taking from the past what is good, and bringing it into the present, in order to make positive progress through the practical application and utilization of knowledge.  Therefore, in the spirit of Sankofa, the Djed, Ankh, and Waas can be used as a “Master Key” to comprehending Electrical, Thermal, Hydraulic, and Mechanical phenomena.

However, what are the chances that Ptah, the Ancient African deity associated with Engineering and Technology, would be holding a set of symbols which have such a synchronous association to symbols and concepts across electrical, thermal, hydraulic, and mechanical engineering and technology disciplines.  Moreover, the movement from the electron (electricity), to heat flow (thermodynamics), to element flow (hydraulics), to the movement of matter (mechanics) is consistent with the modern scientific description of the way sound is generated up from the movement of electrons to the movement of matter, and is also consistent with the cosmology found in the Memphite Theology of Ptah rising from the primordial abyss (electrical and thermal) and then imagining with his heart (hydraulic) and speaking with his tongue (mechanical) to produce sound.  Indeed, the Djed, Ankh, and Waas are The Master Key mathematic symbols to African Science, Technology, and Engineering.  A master key is One Key which can open up several different locks, and a master symbol is One symbol which can be used to apply to several different concepts.  This is that key which will open the domain of multiple disciplines.  You now hold the key that is between 1 and 9, for the key does not open the door, you do.

Are you strong enough to pick up the Staff of PTAH

African Women in S.T.E.M.: Jonecia Keels and Jazmine Miller

Source: http://www.theroot.com/multimedia/black-women-techies
Jonecia Keels and Jazmine Miller

Computer scientists, Spelman College

The next generation is ready to soar. In 2010, Keels and Miller beat Harvard and Stanford to win the AT&T Big Mobile on Campus Challenge. Keels -- in Spelman's Dual Degree Engineering program -- and Miller, a computer science major, also co-captained the college robotics team, which tied for first place in the RoboCup Japan Open 2009 tournament.